The CIL Nuclear Law and Policy Team is joined in conversation by Dr Charles D Ferguson, Director of Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine and former President of the Federation of American Scientists. This episode touches on nuclear non-proliferation and the role of safeguards and the difference between nuclear security and nuclear safeguards. The interrelationships between nuclear safety, security and safeguards are also discussed. This is the fourth and last of a four-part series on the fundamentals of nuclear safety, security and safeguards and their interrelationships.