The CIL Nuclear Law and Policy Team is joined in conversation by Dr Charles D Ferguson, Director of Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine and former President of the Federation of American Scientists. This episode touches on key nuclear safety concepts such as safety culture and defence-in-depth; the different reactor technologies and their safety features and safety concerns surrounding nuclear waste. This is the second of a four-part series on the fundamentals of nuclear safety, security and safeguards and their interrelationships.