Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)

Research Materials on BBNJ

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)

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Workshop Programme

Glossary of Defined Terms

Report of the BBNJ Workshop

Overview

  1. A/RES/69/292 'Development of an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction', adopted on 19 June 2015 at the UNGA 69th Session.
  2. A/RES/66/231 'Oceans and the Law of the Sea', adopted on 24 December 2011 at the UNGA 66th Session.

Session 1: Background and context

A. Primary Documents

  1. A/70/112 'Letter dated 7 July 2015 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects addressed to the President of the General Assembly: Summary of the First Global Integrated Marine Assessment', dated 22 July 2015 (See also, First Global Integrated Marine Assessment (First World Assessment Report) at http://www.un.org/depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RegProcess.htm.)
  2. Annex to A/69/780 'Letter dated 13 February 2015 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to the President of the General Assembly' – 'Outcome of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction and Co-Chairs' summary of discussions', dated 13 February 2015 reported to the UNGA 69th Session (Report of BBNJ 9).
  3. Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, adopted on 5 August 1995, 2167 UNTS 88 (entered into force 11 December 2001) (Fish Stocks Agreement).
  4. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted on 28 July 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force 28 July 1996) (Part XI Agreement).

B. Secondary Documents

  1. 'Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 – Overview', Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations, at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_part_xi.htm.
  2. 'Pacific Ocean Alliance Meeting: Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, (25-27 May 2015)', Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, at http://www.forumsec.org/pages.cfm/strategic-partnerships-coordination/pacific-oceanscape/pacific-ocean-alliance/pacific-ocean-alliance-meeting-1.html.
  3. 'A Constitution for the Oceans', Tommy T.B. Koh, of Singapore, President of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations at http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/koh_english.pdf.

Session 2: Conservation and Sustainable Use of BBNJ

A. Primary Documents

  1. A/RES/70/1 'Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development', adopted on 25 September 2015 at the UNGA 70th Session (ref: Goal 14.c and 14.4).
  2. A/RES/69/245 'Oceans and Law of the Sea', adopted on 29 December 2014 at the UNGA 69th Session (ref: section X paras 211–216).
  3. Annex to A/RES/66/288 'The future we want', adopted on 27 July 2012 at UNGA 66th Session (ref: para 162).
  4. Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, adopted on 5 August 1995, 2167 UNTS 88 (entered into force 11 December 2001) (Fish Stocks Agreement), Arts 1(1)(b), 2, 3(1).
  5. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS), Arts 1, 63(2), 64(1), 66(2), 66(3)(a), 66(4), 76, 86, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 145, 147, 192.

B. Secondary Documents

  1. FAO, 'Deep-sea Ecosystems'. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/166310/en.
  2. FAO, 'International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing', Fisheries and Aquaculture at http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1224e/y1224e00.htm, para 3.
  3. FAO, 'Deep-sea Fisheries', Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en.
  4. FAO, 'Bottom Trawls', Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/205/en.

Session 3: Management Tools and Institutional Arrangements

A. Primary Documents

  1. A 24/Res.982 'Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas', adopted on 1 December 2005 at the IMO Assembly 24th Session, as amended by MEPC 267(68), 15 May 2015.
  2. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/XII/22 'Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)' in 'Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity', adopted on17 October 2014 at the CBD COP 12th Meeting.
  3. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/XI/17 'Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas' in 'Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its Eleventh Meeting', adopted on 5 December 2012 at the CBD COP 11th Meeting.
  4. ISBA/17/LTC/7 'Environmental Management Plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone', presented on 13 July 2011 at the 17th Session of the meeting of the Legal and Technical Commission (LTC) of the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
  5. Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, [2011] ITLOS Rep, 7, (Request for Advisory Opinion Submitted to the Seabed Disputes Chamber), paras 145, 148–150.
  6. Case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), [2010] ICJ Rep. 14 (Pulp Mills), 59–60 paras 119–120; 82–84 paras 204–205.
  7. FAO, 'International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas' at http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm.
  8. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/IX/20 'Marine and Coastal Biodiversity' in 'Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its Ninth Meeting', adopted on 9 October 2008 at the CBD COP 9th Meeting.
  9. UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/VIII/28 'Impact Assessment: Voluntary Guidelines on Biodiversity-Inclusive Impact Assessment' in 'Decision Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its Eight Meeting', COP 8th Meeting, 20–31 March 2006.
  10. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted 28 July 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force 28 July 1996) (Part XI Agreement), Annex, Section I, para 7.
  11. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS), Arts 204–206.

B. Secondary Documents

  1. Nicholas J Bax et al, 'Results and Implications of the First Global Effort to Identify Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas' (accepted for publication).
  2. Daniel C Dunn et al, 'The Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas: Origins, Development and Current Status' (2014) 49 Marine Policy 137. (by subscription)
  3. Julien Rochette et al, 'The regional approach to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction' (2014), 49 Marine Policy 109. (by subscription)
  4. David Freestone et al, 'Can existing institutions protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction? Experiences from two on-going processes' (2014), 49 Marine Policy 167. (by subscription)
  5. Sarah Wolf and Jan Asmus Bischoff, 'Marine Protected Areas', Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, November 2013 at http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e2029?rskey=aLHjJ8&result=6&prd=EPIL. (by subscription)
  6. Karen Scott, 'Conservation of the High Seas: Developing the Concept of the High Sea Marine Protection Areas' (2012) 27:4 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 849. (by subscription)
  7. Alex G. Oude Elferink, 'Environmental Impact Assessment in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction', (2012) 27:2 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 449. (by subscription)
  8. Robin Warner, 'Oceans Beyond Boundaries: Environmental Assessment Frameworks', (2012) 27:2 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 481. (by subscription)
  9. IUCN, 'Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas in the Pelagic Realm: Examples & Guidelines', Workshop Report, Canada, 12–14 May 2011.
  10. IUCN, 'Identifying Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas on Seamounts', Workshop Report, Switzerland, 2011.
  11. Michael W Lodge, 'International Seabed Authority: Some Legal and Policy Considerations Relating to the Establishment of a Representative Network of Protected Areas in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone' (2011) 26:3 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 463, 472–480 at http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/157180811×576929 (for purchase).
  12. EBSA, 'Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas: Special Places in the World's Oceans', at https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/.
  13. FAO, 'Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Database', Fisheries and Aquaculture Department at http://www.fao.org/in-action/vulnerable-marine-ecosystems/vme-database/en/.
  14. Julian Roberts et al, 'Area-based Management on the High Seas: Possible Application of the IMO's Particularly Sensitive Sea Area Concept', (2010) 25:4 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 483. (by subscription)
  15. Marta Chantal Ribeiro, 'The 'Rainbow': The First National Marine Protected Area Proposed under the High Seas', (2010) 25:2 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 183. (by subscription)
  16. Astrid Epiney, 'Environmental Impact Assessment', Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, January 2009 at http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1581?prd=EPIL. (by subscription)
  17. IMO, 'Ships Routeing', Maritime Safety at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/ShipsRouteing.aspx.
  18. IMO, 'Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas', Maritime Environment at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PSSAs/Pages/Default.aspx.
  19. IMO, 'Special Areas under MARPOL', Marine Environment at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/SpecialAreasUnderMARPOL/Pages/Default.aspx.
  20. Common Oceans, 'Program, Structure and Goals: Global Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction Program' at http://www.commonoceans.org/about/program-structure-goals/en/.

Session 4: Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs)

A. Primary Documents

  1. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted on 28 July 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force 28 July 1996) (Part XI Agreement), preamble para 2.
  2. Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted on 5 June 1992, 1760 UNTS 79 (entered into force 29 December 1993), Arts 2, 15.
  3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS), preamble para 6, Arts 1, 133, 136, 140, 150(i), 311(6).

B. Secondary Documents

  1. Jianming Chen, 'General Assembly Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction: Basics on marine genetic resources' at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/biodiversityworkinggroup/workshop1_panels_website.pdf, 2013.
  2. Michael Lodge, 'The Common Heritage of Mankind' (2012) 27:4 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 733. (by subscription)
  3. Sophie Arnaud-Haond, 'Marine biodiversity and gene patents' (2011) 331 Science, 1521. (by subscription)
  4. UNEP, IEG of the Global Commons: Background, Division of Environmental Law and Conventions at http://www.unep.org/delc/GlobalCommons/tabid/54404/.
  5. 'The Common Heritage of Mankind 1493-1968', Satya Nandan, editor, 'University of Virginia Commentary on the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention', volume VI, paras INTRO.3 – INTRO.12, pages 5-23. (purchase access)
  6. Frida Armas Pfirter, 'The management of sea-bed living resources in 'the Area' under UNCLOS' at http://www.academia.edu/16461528/The_Management_of_Seabed_Living_Resources_in_The_Area_under_UNCLOS.
  7. Fernanda Millicay, 'A legal regime for the biodiversity of the area, Law Science and Ocean Management' in Law, Science and Ocean Management, edited by Myron H Nordquist et al, 2007 at http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/10.1163/ej.9789004162556.i-850.199 (by purchase)

Session 5: MGRs: Access and Benefit Sharing

A. Primary Documents

  1. WIPO, 'Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC): Revised 2016 Provisional Schedule for the IGC, dated 17 December 2015', at http://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/tk/en/igc/pdf/igc_schedule_2016.pdf.
  2. WO/GA/47/19 PROV 'Draft Report of the WIPO General Assembly', WIPO GA 47th Session (22nd Ordinary) Session, 2 November 2015, 34–35, paras 151–288.
  3. WO/GA/47/12 'Matters Concerning the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC)', WIPO GA 47th Session (22nd Ordinary), 7 July 2015.
  4. WIPO Administrative Instructions under the Patent Cooperation Treaty 30 April 2015, (entered into force 1 July 2015).
  5. WIPO Administrative Instructions under the Patent Cooperation Treaty 8 April 2015, (entered into force 1 July 2015).
  6. Regulations under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, (entered into force 1 July 2015).
  7. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted on 29 October 2010, (entered into force 12 October 2014), Arts 3, 5, 9, Annex.
  8. WIPO Administrative Instructions under the Patent Cooperation Treaty 17 February 2010, (entered into force 1 July 2010).
  9. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, adopted on 3 November 2001 (entered into force 29 June 2004) (Plant Genetics Treaty).
  10. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, adopted on 3 November 2001 (entered into force 29 June 2004) (Plant Genetics Treaty), Arts 1, 10, 13.
  11. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Annex IC, Marakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation, adopted on 15 April 1994 (entered into force 1 January 1995) (TRIPS).
  12. Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, adopted on 28 April 1977 (entered into force 19 August 1980) as amended 26 September 1980.
  13. Regulations under the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure, adopted on 28 April 1977 as amended as amended 20 January 1981, 1 October 2002.
  14. Patent Cooperation Treaty, adopted on 19 June 1970 (entered into force 24 January 1978) as amended 1979, modified in 1984 and 2001.

B. Secondary Documents

  1. 15. WIPO, 'Guide to the Deposit of Microorganisms under the Budapest Treaty' at http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/registration/budapest/guide/, 2015.
  2. 16. Huaiwen He, 'Limitations on Patenting Inventions Based on Marine Genetic Resources of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction' (2014) 29 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 521–545 at http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15718085-12341325. (for purchase)

Session 6: Capacity Building and Transfer of Marine Technology

A. Primary Documents

  1. A/RES/70/1 'Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development', adopted on 25 September 2015 at the UNGA70th Session, Supp 1 UN Doc, Goal 14, 14.a.
  2. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, adopted on 28 July 1994, 1836 UNTS 3 (entered into force 28 July 1996) (Part XI Agreement), Annex Section 5.
  3. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted on 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS), Arts 87, 143, 144, 240(c), 240(d), 241, 251, 256, 257, 266, 267.

B. Secondary Documents

  1. Stephen R. Piotrowicz, 'Trip Report: Regional Training Course for Pacific Small Island Developing States on the Conduct of Marine Scientific Research under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Busan, Korea 7–11 December 2015'.
  2. 'UNCLOS III Final Act Annex VI, Resolution on development of national marine science, technology and ocean service infrastructures', Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations at http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/final_act_eng.pdf.
  3. Michael Waibel and William Alford, 'Technology Transfer', Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, June 2014 at http://opil.ouplaw.com/home/EPIL (by subscription).

Session 7 : Mandate and Work Programme of the PrepCom

A. Primary Documents

  1. A/RES/69/292 'Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Development of an International legally Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction', adopted on 19 June 2015 at the UNGA 69th Session, paras 1–4 and 6.
  2. A/70/74 'Report of the Secretary-General Report of UNSG', in the 70th Session of the UNGA Oceans and Law of the Sea, 30 March 2015 (paras 53–55).
  3. A/520/Rev.17, Part XIII 'Rules of Procedure for the General Assembly', 2008.
  4. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, adopted on 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS), Arts 87(1)(c), 112–115.

B. Secondary Documents

  1. IUCN, 'An International Instrument on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Matrix of Suggestions', 16 December 2015.
  2. Submarine Cables and Deep Seabed Mining: Advancing Common Interests and Addressing UNCLOS 'due regard' Obligations, Technical Study No. 14, ISA, 27 July 2015.
  3. Submarine Cables and Deep Seabed Mining: Advancing common Interests and Addressing UNCLOS 'due regard' Obligations, Briefing Paper 03/2015, ISA.

Additional Reading Materials

  1. United Nations University, 'Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Analysis', at http://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:3101/DeepSeabed1.pdf.
  2. Louise Angelique de la Fayette, 'A New Regime for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity and Genetic Resources Beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction' (2009) 24:2 International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 221. (by subscription)
  3. IUCN, 'Bioprospecting of Genetic Resources in the Deep Seabed: Scientific, Legal and Policy Analysis' at https://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/environmental_law/elp_work/elp_work_issues/elp_work_biodiv/elc_marine_biodiversity/.
  4. European Parliament: Directorate-General for Internal Policies, 'Towards a Possible International Agreement on Marine Biodiversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction', at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/536292/IPOL_STU(2014)536292_EN.pdf.